EVERYDAY SCIENCE
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Propranolol
Atenolol
Metoprolol
Carvedilol
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Explanation
Propranolol is a non-selective beta-blocker that blocks both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors.
Therapeutic uses:
Used to treat conditions like hypertension, angina pectoris, arrhythmias, migraines, and hyperthyroidism.
Side effects:
Due to its non-selective nature, potential side effects can include bronchospasm in individuals with asthma, fatigue, and cold extremities.
Muscles
Liver
Macrophages
Heart
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Explanation
The primary site for iron storage in the body is within macrophages , liver cells ( hepatocytes ), and bone marrow , where iron is stored primarily in the form of a protein called ferritin
Diuretics
Salt
Antihypertensives
Antibiotics
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Explanation
"salt" (high sodium intake) is considered a significant contributor to renal failure
High blood pressure link:
Excessive salt intake can contribute to high blood pressure, which puts stress on the kidneys and can lead to kidney damage.
Proteinuria:
High salt intake can increase the amount of protein leaked into the urine (proteinuria), a sign of kidney dysfunction.
Progression of kidney disease:
For people with existing kidney disease, a high salt diet can worsen their c ondition and accelerate the progression to renal failure.
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Respiratory failure
Renal failure
Sepsis
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Explanation
Lactic acidosis is a condition where there is an accumulation of lactic acid in the body.
It does not typically occur in respiratory failure, which involves impaired oxygen exchange .
Rifampicin
Ethambutol
Isoniazid
Pyrazinamide
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Explanation
Rifampin will cause urine, saliva, sputum, sweat, teeth, and tears to turn a reddish-orange to reddish-brown color.
This is to be expected while you are using this medicine.
This effect may also cause soft contact lenses to become permanently discolored
Rifampicin
Ethambutol
Isoniazid
Pyrazinamide
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Explanation
Ethambutol is one of the drugs used to treat tuberculosis (TB), though it is bacteriostatic.
Rifampicin is a bactericidal drug and is widely used in TB treatment.
Heparin
Clopidogrel
Warfarin
Enoxaparin
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Explanation
Unstable angina is treated with antiplatelet agents such as clopidogrel , along with other interventions like nitrates or heparin.
Water-soluble
Lipid-soluble
Neither water-soluble nor lipid-soluble
Water-soluble only in acidic environments
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Explanation
Diazepam is a lipid-soluble drug, which allows it to cross the blood-brain barrier and have effects on the central nervous system.
Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM)
Atrial fibrillation
Heart failure
Conduction abnormalities
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Explanation
Digoxin is contraindicated in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM)
It can worsen obstruction and lead to adverse outcomes
Oral
Intramuscular (IM)
Subcutaneous
Intravenous (IV)
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Explanation
Epinephrine is administered intramuscularly (IM) during anaphylactic shock to quickly reverse the effects of severe allergic reactions.