Explanation

Keratin is a structural protein found in hair, nails, and the outer layer of the skin.

 Keratin serves important structural and protective functions, particularly in the epithelium.

Explanation

Alpha-ketoglutarate is a five-carbon compound in the Kreb's cycle.

Citric acid (citrate) and malic acid are six-carbon and four-carbon compounds, respectively.

Explanation

The link reaction (pyruvate to acetyl-CoA), Kreb's cycle (citric acid cycle), and the electron transport chain all occur in the mitochondria.

Explanation

The chloride shift, or Hamburger's phenomenon

Refers to the exchange of chloride ions (Cl⁻) for bicarbonate ions (HCO₃⁻)

Across the red blood cell membrane to maintain electrochemical balance.

Explanation

Residual volume is the amount of air that remains in the lungs after a maximum exhalation,

preventing the lungs from collapsing and allowing for continuous gas exchange.

Explanation

Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a bacterium commonly used to introduce foreign genes into plants, creating transgenic plants like golden rice.

It naturally transfers DNA into plant genomes.

Explanation

The Law of Independent Assortment states that alleles for different traits are segregated independently of one another during gamete formation.

This is illustrated in a dihybrid cross where two pairs of contrasting traits are examined.

Explanation

The sodium-potassium pump (Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase) actively transports 3 Na⁺ ions out of the cell and 2 K⁺ ions into the cell for each cycle,

For maintaining the electrochemical gradient

Explanation

For two non-linked genes, the probability of obtaining parental-type offspring in the F2 generation is 6/16,

There are 6 possible combinations of the parental genotypes out of 16 total possible combinations.

Explanation

Exophthalmia and Graves' disease are related to thyroid gland dysfunction.

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder

That causes hyperthyroidism, and exophthalmia (bulging eyes) is a common symptom of this condition