Explanation

Explanation

RICE formula is used in injury.

• R for Rest
• I for Ice
• C for Compression
• E for Elevation

Explanation

There are several types of intravenous (I/V) fluids, and they are classified based on their composition and how they affect the body. The main types are:

1. Crystalloids
   These types of fluids contain water, electrolytes, and sometimes glucose. Examples include normal saline, Ringer’s lactate, and Dextrose solutions.

2. Colloids
   These types of fluids contain larger molecules such as proteins or starches. Examples include albumin, dextran, and hydroxyethyl starch.

3. Blood Products
   These fluids are used to replace blood or blood components. Examples include whole blood, plasma, platelets, and red blood cells.

Explanation

Explanation

Question:

 What are antioxidants and why are they used in foods? Write a short note on natural and synthetic antioxidants. (5 amrks)

Antioxidants:
Antioxidants are compounds that prevent oxidative damage in cells, thus extending the shelf life and quality of foods.

Natural vs. Synthetic:
Natural antioxidants (e.g., vitamin C, E) are derived from plants, while synthetic ones (e.g., BHA, BHT) are lab-made; both help preserve food freshness but vary in sources and stability.

Explanation

NOTE: The question has 4 parts each part of the question contains 5 marks

Question: (a) What is the difference between fog and smog? What are the causes of smog and its effects on human health? Write a short note on one of the latest technologies to eliminate smog and avoid atmospheric pollution. (5)

Difference between Fog and Smog:
Fog is a natural weather phenomenon caused by condensed water vapor, while smog is a type of air pollution formed from pollutants, mainly from vehicles and industry.

Causes of Smog:
Smog is caused by emissions from vehicles, factories,

Effects on Human Health:
Smog can cause respiratory issues, eye irritation

Latest Technology to Eliminate Smog:
Photocatalytic materials, such as titanium dioxide coatings

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(b)What is the role of oxygen-demanding wastes in water pollution? How it can be prevented? (5)

Role in Water Pollution:
Oxygen-demanding wastes, like organic matter from sewage, agricultural runoff, and industrial discharge, consume oxygen in water as they decompose.

Reducing pollution sources by treating wastewater, promoting sustainable agriculture

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(c)What is the biosphere? Write a note on the ‘Energy Resources’ available in the biosphere. (5)

The biosphere is the global ecological system that includes all living organisms and their interactions with the Earth's atmosphere, land, and water. Energy resources in the biosphere include solar energy, wind, water, and biomass, which are vital for sustaining life and ecosystems.

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(d)What are the different layers of the atmosphere? On what basis these layers are classified? In which layer ‘Auroras’ are formed and where do satellites orbit? (5)

The atmosphere consists of five layers: the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere, classified based on temperature gradients and altitude.

Auroras form in the thermosphere, while satellites typically orbit in the exosphere.

Explanation

Explanation

The branch of biology that deals with the relations of organisms to one another and to their physical surroundings.

Explanation

Jaber-Bin-Hayyan 

Explanation

There are Two types of vitamins

1. Water soluble

2. Fat soluble